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Abstract As human relations change the way they develop social support, social networks have become crucial to human interaction and overall subjective welfare. Critical social networks, such as Facebook, have developed hundreds upon millions of virtual communities and influence the way individuals interact with one another. This literature review aims to explore the following positive and negative implications of the use of Facebook. a) Facebook plays a negative role in the users' welfare and self-esteem. b) Facebook is also used as a communication tool to positively impact ongoing social support or increase the users' feeling of self-worth. c) Facebook can influence one's ability to detach from the external definitions of self and dissolve the rigid link between oneself and others, enabling transcendence, leading to an increased sense of self-worth. d) Lastly, the five-factor model of personality can be used to explore online and offline behavior and its impact on Self Esteem. Results of these final dimensions indicated that both (i) Neuroticism and (ii) Extraversion were positively associated with Facebook behavioral addiction, whereas (iii) Openness to Experience, (iv) Agreeableness, and (v) Conscientiousness were negatively associated with a Facebook behavioral addiction. These positive associations suggest thematic relevance and are noteworthy for future academic research. This review serves as a foundation for assessing current findings and offering recommendations for future exploration, encouraging the academic community to conduct further research as the new era of technology unfolds.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: the current study aimed to adapt the Self-Transcendence Scale (STS) to the Spanish context and analyse its psychometric properties. Method: the STS was administered to a general Spanish population of adults (i.e., older than 20 years; n = 116) through an online platform. The Psychological Well-Being (PWB) and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Spiritual Well-being - modified version for healthy people (FACIT-Sp-Non-Illness) scales were also applied in two moments separated by an interval of 15 days. Results: the results of the validation included the following statistics: α t = 0.772 (test) and α rt = 0.833 (retest); ICC = 0.278 (p = 0.097, intraclass) and 0.932 (p < 0.001, interclass); a Bland-Altman confirmation of the test/re-test (TRT) concordance; global content validity coefficient (S-CVI) = 0.92; r 1 = 0.636 (PWB) and r 2 = 0.687 (FACIT-Non-Illness; both p < 0.001); and three factors explained 42.3% of the variance. The STS showed positive apparent validity and feasibility. Conclusions: the Spanish version of the STS is valid for use in the general population, with updates relative to the Colombian version that include more natural wordings, syntactic corrections, inclusive language, a better definition of the concepts, and an alternative factor model.
RESUMO Objetivos: o presente estudo teve como objetivo adaptar a Escala de Autotranscendência (Self-Transcendence Scale - STS) ao contexto espanhol e analisar as suas propriedades psicométricas. Método: a STS foi aplicada a uma amostra da população geral de espanhóis adultos (maiores de 20 anos de idade; n= 116) através de uma plataforma online. Também foram aplicadas as escalas de Bem Estar Psicológico (Psychological Well-Being-PWB) e Avaliação Funcional do Tratamento de Doenças Crônicas, Bem Estar Espiritual modificada para sujeitos saudáveis (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy, Spiritual Well-being, modified version for healthy people-FACIT-Sp-Non-Illness) em dois momentos, com intervalo de 15 dias. Resultados: os resultados da validação incluem: α t = 0,772 (teste) e α rt = 0,833 (reteste); CCI = 0,278 (p = 0,097, intraclasse) e 0,932 (p < 0.001, interclasse); confirmação de concordância no teste-reteste (TRT) pelo método do Bland-Altman; coeficiente global de validade de conteúdo (CVC)= 0.92; r 1 = 0,636 (PWB) and r 2 = 0,687 (FACIT-Non-Illness; p < 0,001 em ambos); três fatores explicaram 42,3% da variância. A STS teve validade aparente e viabilidade positivas. Conclusões: a versão espanhola da STS é válida para uso na população geral, e traz atualizações em relação à versão colombiana, incluindo expressões mais naturais, correções sintáticas e linguísticas, melhor definição dos conceitos e um modelo fatorial alternativo.
RESUMEN Objetivos: el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar la Escala de Autotrascendencia (Self-Transcendence Scale, STS) al contexto español y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. Método: la STS se administró a una población española general de adultos (es decir, mayores de 20 años, n = 116) por medio de una plataforma en línea. Las escalas de Bienestar Psicológico (EBP) y la de Evaluación Funcional para el Tratamiento de Enfermedades Crónicas - Bienestar Espiritual - versión modificada para personas sanas (FACIT-Sp-Non-Illness) también se aplicaron en dos momentos separados por un intervalo de 15 días. Resultados: los resultados de la validación incluyeron los siguientes parámetros estadísticos: αt = 0,772 (prueba) y αrt = 0,833 (reprueba); CCI = 0,278 (p = 0,097, intraclase) y 0,932 (p <0.001, interclase); una confirmación de Bland-Altman de la concordancia de test-retest (TRT, por sus siglas en inglés); índice global de validez de contenido (S-CVI, por sus siglas en inglés) = 0,92; r 1 = 0,636 (EBP) y r 2 = 0,687 (FACIT-Non-Illness; ambos p <0,001); y tres factores explicaron el 42.3% de la varianza. La STS mostró una validez aparente y viabilidad positivas. Conclusiones: la versión española de la STS es válida para su uso en la población general, con actualizaciones relativas a la versión colombiana que incluyen redacciones más naturales, correcciones sintácticas, lenguaje inclusivo, una mejor definición de los conceptos y un modelo alternativo factorial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Adaptation, Psychological , Attitude to Health , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data , Spain , Cross-Sectional Studies , Factor Analysis, Statistical , SpiritualityABSTRACT
O estudo científico das experiências religiosas/espirituais tem sido negligenciado ao longo da história da Psicologia, ocasionando uma indiferenciação destas e dos sintomas psicóticos de conteúdo religioso/espiritual. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar e comparar duas teorias: a Psicologia Integral, de Wilber, e o Modelo Psicobiológico de Cloninger, a fim de desenvolver critérios para diferenciar saúde e doença mental em experiências religiosas/espirituais. O conceito wilberiano de "Falácia Pré-Trans" aparece enquanto chave de leitura para a diferenciação entre experiência religiosas/espirituais e transtornos mentais, aproximando-se da concepção de maturidade de caráter observada nos conceitos de autodirecionamento e de autotranscendência de Cloninger.(AU)
The scientific study of religious/spiritual experiences has been neglected throughout the history of psychology causing a lack of differentiation between them and psychotic symptoms. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare two theories: Integral Psychology, by Wilber, and the Psychobiological Model, by Cloninger, in order to distinguish health and mental illness in religious/spiritual experiences. The Wilberian concept of "Pre-Trans Fallacy" is a reading key to differ religious/spiritual experiences from mental disorders. It is similar to the conception of Maturity of Character observed in Cloninger's concepts of Self-directedness and Self-transcendence.(AU)
El estudio científico de las experiencias religiosas/espirituales ha sido descuidado a lo largo de la historia de la Psicología causando una indiferencia de éstas y de los síntomas psicóticos de contenido religioso/espiritual. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar y comparar dos teorías: la Psicología Integral, de Wilber, y el Modelo Psicobiológico de Cloninger, con el fin de desarrollar criterios para diferenciar salud y enfermedad mental en experiencias religiosas/espirituales. El concepto Wilberiano de "Falacia Pre-Trans" aparece como clave de lectura para la diferenciación entre la experiencia religiosa/espiritual y los trastornos mentales, acercándose a la concepción de madurez de carácter observada en los conceptos de Autodirección y Autotrascendencia de Cloninger.(AU)
Subject(s)
Character , Personality , Psychotic Disorders/psychology , Religion , TemperamentABSTRACT
La creación de modelos y teorías de enfermería, enfocadas en fenómenos específicos, contribuye a la práctica y el desarrollo de la disciplina de enfermería. Objetivo: presentar una derivación teórica y proponer un modelo sobre la teoría de autotrascendencia en personas dependientes del alcohol en proceso de recuperación. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una derivación teórica mediante la metodología propuesta por Walker y Avant. Resultados: adaptación del Modelo de Autotrascendencia en personas dependientes del alcohol en proceso de recuperación en Alcohólicos Anónimos. Conclusiones: el modelo puede ser útil para explicar cómo las personas dependientes del alcohol, que se encuentran en tratamiento, logran el bienestar y cuáles son los factores que influyen durante el proceso.
The creation of nursing models and theories focused on specific phenomena contributes to the practice and development of the discipline of nursing. Objective: The purpose of this study is to present a theoretical derivation and propose a model on the theory of self-transcendence in persons recovering from alcohol dependence. Materials and methods: A theoretical derivation was done using the method proposed by Walker and Avant. Results: Adaption of the self-transcendence model in alcohol-dependent persons who are involved in a recovery process as part of Alcoholics Anonymous. Conclusions: The model can be useful in explaining how alcohol dependent persons, who are in treatment, achieve well-being and what are the influencing factors during the process.
A criação de modelos e teorias de enfermagem enfocados em fenómenos específicos contribui para a prática e desenvolvimento da disciplina de enfermagem. Objetivo: apresentar uma derivação teórica e propor um modelo sobre a Teoria de Autotranscendência em pessoas dependentes do álcool em processo de recuperação. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se uma derivação teórica mediante a metodologia proposta por Walker e Avant. Resultados: adaptação do Modelo de Autotranscendência em pessoas dependentes do álcool em processo de recuperação em Alcóolicos Anônimos. Conclusões: o modelo pode ser útil para explicar como as pessoas dependentes do álcool, que se encontram em tratamento, atingem o bem-estar e quais são os fatores que influenciam durante o processo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Referral and Consultation , Alcoholics AnonymousABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the current situation and influencing factors of self-transcendence among the elderly people and provide the theoretical basis to improve the elderly people's self-transcendence level.Methods Totally 300 elderly people were recruited by convenience sampling from two communities in Taiyuan.They were investigated by questionnaires.Results The total score of self-transcendence was (43.83±7.29).Single factor analysis of variance and nonparametric test showed that the influencing factors of elderly people's self-transcendence level were education background,occupation before retirement,economic status,characteristics,the frequency of group activity,and the experience of significant events.Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that the education background and personality characteristics were the main influencing factors on the elderly people's self-transcendence.Conclusions Elderly people's family members,health care workers,and other social workers should pay high attention to the elderly people's self-transcendence level,take measures to increase their self-transcendence level and stimulate the elderly people's enthusiasm of self-management according to the influencing factors,so as to improve the elderly people's life quality,extend the healthy life expectancy,and finally achieve the whole healthy aging.
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Os seres humanos evoluíram em etapas, de modo que nossa consciência desenvolveu três componentes centrais - aprendizagem processual de hábitos e habilidades, aprendizagem semântica de fatos e proposições e autoconsciência de uma identidade que se desenvolve ao longo do tempo e do espaço. Consequentemente, a consciência humana implica o crescimento de nossa subjetividade, integrando esses três aspectos da aprendizagem e da memória. A psiquiatria contemporânea é substancialmente comprometida por um viés antiespiritual que está implícito nas abordagens operacionais de diagnóstico, pesquisa e tratamento. A subjetividade humana não pode ser devidamente desconstruída em uma coleção de objetos independentes entre si, livres de qualquer contexto psicossocial, tal como a que é habitualmente assumida em uma abordagem do tipo "menu chinês" utilizada para o diagnóstico e entrevistas estruturadas. Perspectivas materialistas predispõem os indivíduos a assumirem uma visão de separação que compromete o bem-estar tanto dos profissionais de saúde mental quanto de seus pacientes. O progresso no diagnóstico psiquiátrico, bem como nas formas de tratamento, requer abordagem centrada na pessoa, capaz de respeitar e valorizar a subjetividade humana e promover o cultivo de virtudes tais como esperança, amor e coragem, bem como o uso criterioso de outros métodos psicobiológicos de tratamento. O funcionamento saudável requer o desenvolvimento da autotranscendência, além do autodirecionamento e da cooperatividade. Sem a autotranscendência as pessoas estão consumindo mais recursos do que a terra pode repor. A busca do bem-estar individual, na ausência do bem-estar coletivo, é uma ilusão autodestrutiva. Consequentemente, a psiquiatria contemporânea precisa centrar sua atenção na compreensão da consciência humana por meio de uma via ternária equilibrada, em vez de tentar reduzir as pessoas a objetos materiais separados.
Human beings have evolved in steps so that our consciousness has three major components - procedural learning of habits and skills, semantic learning of facts and propositions, and self-awareness of an identity that develops over time and place. Consequently, human consciousness involves growth in our subjective awareness integrating these three aspects of learning and memory. Contemporary psychiatry is substantially impaired by an anti-spiritual bias that is implicit in operational approaches to diagnosis, research, and treatment. Human subjectivity cannot be adequately deconstructed into a collection of mutually independent objects that are free of any psychosocial context, as is usually assumed in a "Chinese-menu" approach to diagnosis and structured interviewing. Materialistic perspectives predispose people to have an outlook of separateness that impairs the well-being of both mental health professionals and their patients. Progress in psychiatric diagnosis and treatment requires a person-centered approach that respects and appreciates human subjectivity and promotes the cultivation of human virtues like hope, love, and courage, along with judicious use of other psychobiological methods of treatment. Healthy functioning requires the development of self-transcendence in addition to self-directedness and cooperativeness. Without self-transcendence, people are consuming more resources than the earth can replenish. The pursuit of individual well-being in the absence of collective well-being is a self-destructive illusion. Consequently contemporary psychiatry needs to focus its attention on understanding human consciousness in a balanced ternary way rather than trying to reduce people to separate material objects.
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Consciousness , Learning , Aptitude , Knowledge , ConscienceABSTRACT
Trata-se de um estudo sobre resiliência-capacidade do ser humano de enfrentar, sobrepor-se e ser fortalecido por experiências de adversidade que tem por objetivo discuti-la de acordo com a visão de Viktor Emil Frankl: a logoteoria. Descrevem-se vários conceitos de resiliência e a questão dos fatores de risco e fatores protetores. Em seguida, faz-se um estudo da logoteoria destacando os conceitos que tornam possível a resiliência: a dimensão noética do homem, visto como unidade múltipla, do que decorre a força de resistência do espírito e a responsabilidade; a busca de sentido como motivação primária; a autotranscendência e o autodistanciamento propiciado pelo humor e pela autocompreensão. Conclui-se que a resiliência torna-se uma das conseqüências de se encontrar o sentido da vida e movimentar-se para realizá-lo, permitindo dizer um "sim" à vida apesar de tudo.
This is a study about resilience - the human capacity to face, to overcome and to gain strength through experiences of adversity - which aims to discuss the issue according to the views of Viktor Emil Frankl: (logotheory). Various concepts of resilience are described, as is the issue of risk factors and protective factors. There then follows a study on logotheory, highlighting the concepts which make resilience possible: the human beingïs noetic dimension, man seen as a multiple unit, from which come strength of spirit and responsibility; the search for meaning as the primary motivation; self-transcendence; self-distancing - provided by humor and self-comprehension. In conclusion, resilience becomes one of the consequences of finding a meaning for life and moving towards its fulfillment, which makes it possible to say "yes" to life, despite everything.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adaptation, Psychological , Motivation , PsychologyABSTRACT
This Qualitative nursing research used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to discover meaning in an self-transcendence experience. The ultimate aim of the inquiry was to discover the essence of self-transcendence experience and to promote understanding. The study used van Manen's Methodology of phenmonological research. Multiple strategies for data collecting were utilized: in depth face-to-face interview and analysis of elders' literature. The following themes of experience emerged: Accepting becoming older as a natural phenomenon, transferring to one's own sons' and daughters' oriented life. Maintaining harmonious relationship with neighbors and peer, observing real situations with silence, forming internal integrity with perseverance, compromising own's real situation, actualizing one's death, giving up roots of life, depending on God and conforming to human limitation. From this study essential themes for understanding self-transcendence experience and needs for continuing inquiry were identified.